Investigating Drought and Flood Evolution Based on Remote Sensing Data Products over the Punjab Region in Pakistan

Over the last five decades, Pakistan experienced its worst drought from 1998 to 2002 and flood in 2010. This study determined record-breaking impacts of droughts (1998–2002) (2010) analyzed given 12-year period, especially follow-on period when winter wheat crop was grown. We identified drought, flood, warm cold edges over plain Punjab based on a time series (2003–2014), using vegetation temperature condition index (VTCI) approach Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data products. During year 2010, Global Flood Monitoring System (GFMS) model applied real-time Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) rainfall incorporated products into TRMM Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) for detection/intensity, stream flow, daily accumulative precipitation, presented provisions wetlands. exhibits severity, edges, levels VTCI drought-monitoring approach, which utilizes combination normalized difference (NDVI) with land surface (LST) It found that during years 2003–2014, had positive correlation coefficient (r) cumulative precipitation (r = 0.60) day (D-073) winter. In at D-201, there no proportionality (nonlinear), D-217, negative established. revealed time, duration, intensity D-201 described heavy rainfall, events. At D-233 D-281 significant noticed normal conditions 0.95 r 0.97 fall 2010), showed events normality. Notably, our results suggest can be used wet both rain-fed irrigated regions. The are consistent anomalies GFMS spatial temporal observations MODIS, TRMM, TMPA satellites, describe dry conditions, as well runoff flow region should noted affected area, production has consistently declined 19.041 17.7389 million tons.